Understanding the Side Effects of Knee Surgery

Knee surgery, including procedures such as total knee replacement and arthroscopy, is commonly performed to relieve pain and restore mobility in patients with severe joint damage. According to the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons (AAOS), more than 790,000 knee replacements are performed in the U.S. each year. While most patients experience positive outcomes, it’s important to understand what are the side effects of knee surgery, ranging from temporary discomfort to possible long-term complications.

What Are the Side Effects of Knee Surgery?

Short-Term Side Effects

Pain and Swelling – Common during the first weeks after surgery as tissues heal.
Bruising – Often around the incision site, usually subsides within weeks.
Limited Mobility – Patients may need crutches, walkers, or physical therapy early on.
Blood Clots – A potential risk in the legs (deep vein thrombosis), usually prevented with medication or activity.
Infection Risk – Although uncommon, infections may occur at the incision or around the implant.

Long-Term Side Effects

Stiffness – Some patients experience reduced flexibility even after recovery.
Nerve or Tissue Damage – Rare, but can cause numbness or tingling around the incision.
Implant Wear and Tear – Artificial joints may wear out over time, sometimes requiring revision surgery.
Chronic Pain – A small number of patients report ongoing pain despite surgery.

Factors That Influence Side Effects

Type of Procedure – Total knee replacement vs. arthroscopy have different risk profiles.
Patient Health – Conditions like diabetes, obesity, or smoking can increase complication risks.
Rehabilitation Efforts – Following physical therapy plays a major role in recovery success.

How to Reduce Risks

Follow all post-surgery care instructions carefully.
Engage in physical therapy as recommended.
Maintain a healthy weight to reduce strain on the knee.
Discuss preventive measures, such as blood clot prevention, with your surgeon.

Conclusion

Understanding what are the side effects of knee surgery helps patients prepare for both recovery and long-term outcomes. While most people experience improved mobility and reduced pain, being aware of possible side effects—from temporary swelling to rare complications—enables better decision-making and proactive care with guidance from healthcare professionals.