What Are the Causes of Macular Degeneration?

According to the American Academy of Ophthalmology, both genetic and lifestyle factors—including smoking and diet—play significant roles in the onset of age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Early detection and lifestyle changes may slow its progression.

5 Main Causes of Macular Degeneration

Age – Risk rises significantly after age 60, making age the strongest risk factor.
Genetics – Family history and certain gene variations (such as CFH and ARMS2) increase susceptibility.
Smoking – Doubles the risk of AMD by damaging blood vessels and increasing oxidative stress in the retina.
Poor Diet and Obesity – Diets high in processed foods and low in antioxidants contribute to retinal damage.
High Blood Pressure and Cardiovascular Issues – These conditions can reduce blood flow to the retina.

Wet vs. Dry Macular Degeneration: Different Causes

Dry AMD (most common, ~80% of cases): Caused by the thinning of macular tissues and the buildup of drusen (yellow deposits).
Wet AMD: Triggered when abnormal blood vessels grow under the retina, leak fluids or blood, and scar the macula.

Can Macular Degeneration Develop at a Young Age?

Although typically age-related, macular degeneration can occur in younger individuals due to genetic conditions, such as Stargardt disease, or as a result of injury and rare inherited retinal disorders.

How Long Does It Take to Lose Vision with Macular Degeneration?

Vision loss varies widely. In early stages, patients may not notice symptoms for years. In advanced wet AMD, vision can decline rapidly within months if untreated. Dry AMD tends to progress slowly over decades, but it can still significantly impact central vision.

Stages of AMD

Early dry: small drusen; usually no symptoms.
Intermediate dry: larger/more drusen; possible mild distortion or blur.
Late dry (geographic atrophy): macular cell loss with central blind spots.
Wet (neovascular) AMD: abnormal leaking vessels; faster decline.

Treatment Breakthroughs and Progression Control

Anti-VEGF injections (for wet AMD) slow abnormal blood vessel growth.
AREDS2 supplements may reduce the risk of progression in intermediate AMD.
Lifestyle changes like quitting smoking, improving diet, and protecting eyes from UV light can help preserve vision.

Conclusion

Macular degeneration stems from a mix of age, genetics, lifestyle, and health conditions. While the disease can’t always be prevented, early diagnosis and proactive management—such as adopting a nutrient-rich diet, avoiding smoking, and following medical treatments—can significantly slow its progression and protect vision.