Yeast infections can affect various parts of the body, but they are most common in the vaginal area (vaginal yeast infections) and the mouth (oral thrush). Vaginal yeast infections, caused by an overgrowth of Candida, can affect both males and females. Treatment often involves antifungal medications, such as creams or oral tablets, available over-the-counter or by prescription. For males, antifungal creams are typically used, while women may use creams, suppositories, or oral treatments for relief.
What Causes Yeast Infections?
The main cause of a yeast infection is an overgrowth of the Candida fungus. Normally, the immune system and beneficial bacteria in the body keep Candida levels in check. However, certain factors can disrupt this balance and trigger an overgrowth of the yeast, leading to infection.
Common risk factors include:
- Antibiotic Use: Antibiotics can kill not only harmful bacteria but also the beneficial bacteria that normally keep Candida in check. This disruption can encourage yeast overgrowth.
- Pregnancy: Hormonal changes during pregnancy, particularly increased estrogen levels, can create an environment conducive to yeast growth.
- Diabetes: Uncontrolled diabetes results in higher blood sugar levels, which can feed Candida, leading to infections. Additionally, high glucose levels in urine can create an environment that promotes yeast growth in the genital area.
- Weakened Immune System: Conditions like HIV/AIDS, cancer treatments, or organ transplants can weaken the immune system, making it easier for infections like yeast overgrowth to take hold.
- Moist and Warm Environments: Candida thrives in warm, moist areas of the body, such as the genital region. Tight-fitting clothing, especially synthetic underwear, and poor hygiene can contribute to yeast infections
Symptoms of Yeast Infections
The symptoms of a yeast infection can vary depending on the location of the infection. Common symptoms of vaginal yeast infections include:
- Itching and Irritation: One of the hallmark signs of a yeast infection is intense itching and irritation around the vaginal opening and vulva.
- Burning Sensation: A burning sensation, especially during urination or sexual intercourse, is another common symptom of vaginal yeast infections.
- Abnormal Discharge: Vaginal discharge may become thick, white, and resemble cottage cheese. The discharge is typically odorless or has a mild smell.
- Redness and Swelling: Inflammation around the vaginal opening and vulva can occur, leading to redness and swelling.
In cases of oral thrush, symptoms include:
- White Patches: White, creamy lesions in the mouth, on the tongue, inner cheeks, gums, tonsils, or throat.
- Soreness: A sore or burning sensation in the mouth, especially when eating or swallowing.
- Difficulty Swallowing: In severe cases, swallowing can become painful.
For skin yeast infections, symptoms may include red, itchy rashes in skin folds like the armpits, groin, or under the breasts.
Over-the-Counter (OTC) Treatments
For mild to moderate yeast infections, over-the-counter antifungal medications are usually sufficient. These medications are available in various forms, including creams, ointments, suppositories, and tablets. Common OTC antifungals include:
- Clotrimazole (Lotrimin): Available as a cream, ointment, or vaginal suppository.
- Miconazole (Monistat): One of the most popular antifungal treatments, available as a cream or vaginal suppository.
- Terbinafine (Lamisil): Available as a cream or tablet, though tablets typically require a prescription.
Prescription Medications
If over-the-counter treatments are ineffective, or if the infection is severe or recurring, a doctor may prescribe stronger antifungal medications. These may include:
- Fluconazole (Diflucan): An oral antifungal that works by inhibiting the growth of Candida. This treatment is typically given as a single dose but may be repeated for persistent infections.
- Terconazole (Terazol): A prescription antifungal cream or suppository that can be used for more resistant infections.
- Nystatin: Available as a cream, ointment, or oral medication, this drug can treat vaginal or oral yeast infections.
